Born in the late nineteenth century, industrial engineering is a dynamic profession whose growth has been fueled by the challenges and demands of manufacturing, government, and service organizations throughout the twentieth century. It is also a profession whose future depends not only on the ability of its practitioners to react to and facilitate operational and organizational change but, more important, on their ability to anticipate, and therefore lead, the change process itself. The historical events that led to the birth of industrial engineering provide significant insights into many of the principles that dominated its practice and development throughout the first half of the twentieth century. While these principles continue to impact the profession, many of the conceptual and technological developments that currently shape and will continue to mold the practice of the profession originated in the second half of the twentieth century. The objective of this chapter is to briefly summarize the evolution of industrial engineering and in so doing assist in identifying those common elements that define the purpose and objectives of the profession. We hope that the reader will be sufficiently interested in the historical events to pursue more comprehensive and basic sources including Emerson and Naehring [1], Saunders [2], Shultz [3], Nadler [4], Pritsker [5], and Turner et al. [6]. Since the history of industrial engi- neering is strongly linked to the history of manufacturing, the reader is also advised to refer to Hopp and Spearman [7] for a particularly interesting and relevant exposition of the history of American manufacturing. This chapter draws heavily on these works and their references.